Methods · data release 2026-10-08.1
How we worked out the figures
This page sets out the rules behind every figure on the site. We describe the figures. We do not judge them.
The page is built from the same data release as every chart, so the numbers below are the ones the figures used. Automated tests check every rule that a computer can check.
Who do we divide by?
A per person figure divides by the people the benefit is for. Pensioner benefits use people aged 66 and over, which is State Pension age. Working-age benefits use people aged 16 to 64. Benefits paid at any adult age use all residents. Counts of people claiming are per 1,000 people in the age group.
Area figures do not count people who could claim but do not. So we cannot show spending for each person who could claim. You can always see totals and per resident figures, and every chart, table and sentence says what it divides by.
| Measure | Shown first | Also available |
|---|---|---|
| Benefit spending | per resident | total |
| Spending on pensioner benefits | per person aged 66 and over | total, per resident |
| Spending on working-age benefits | per person aged 16 to 64 | total, per resident |
| Spending on State Pension | per person aged 66 and over | total, per resident |
| Spending on Pension Credit | per person aged 66 and over | total, per resident |
| Spending on Attendance Allowance and Pension Age Disability Payment | per person aged 66 and over | total, per resident |
| Spending on Winter Fuel Payment and Pension Age Winter Heating Payment | per person aged 66 and over | total, per resident |
| Spending on Personal Independence Payment and Adult Disability Payment | per resident | total |
| Spending on Disability Living Allowance and Child Disability Payment | per resident | total |
| Spending on Carer's Allowance and Carer Support Payment | per person aged 16 to 64 | total, per resident |
| Spending on Universal Credit | per person aged 16 to 64 | total, per resident |
| Spending on Housing Benefit | per resident | total |
| Spending on Employment and Support Allowance | per person aged 16 to 64 | total, per resident |
| Spending on Jobseeker's Allowance | per person aged 16 to 64 | total, per resident |
| Spending on Income Support | per person aged 16 to 64 | total, per resident |
| Spending on other benefits | per resident | total |
| People receiving State Pension | per 1,000 people aged 66 and over | total, per 1,000 residents |
| People receiving Pension Credit | per 1,000 people aged 66 and over | total, per 1,000 residents |
| People receiving Attendance Allowance or Pension Age Disability Payment | per 1,000 people aged 66 and over | total, per 1,000 residents |
| People receiving Personal Independence Payment or Adult Disability Payment | per 1,000 residents | total |
| People aged 16 to 64 on Universal Credit | per 1,000 people aged 16 to 64 | total, per 1,000 residents |
| People aged 16 to 64 receiving Carer's Allowance or Carer Support Payment | per 1,000 people aged 16 to 64 | total, per 1,000 residents |
| Income tax paid by residents | per resident | total |
| Benefit spending, compared with the expected level | per resident | |
| Spending on pensioner benefits, compared with the expected level | per person aged 66 and over | |
| Spending on working-age benefits, compared with the expected level | per person aged 16 to 64 |
Per person figures for a year use the population estimate for 30 June in the year it starts. For example, 2024-25 uses mid-2024.
Rates per 1,000 people use the mid-2024 population estimates, the latest for every area.
How do we adjust for inflation?
Every data file holds cash pounds, not adjusted for inflation. Pages show 2026-27 prices by default. We adjust them with the GDP deflator, as DWP and the Office for Budget Responsibility do. You can switch to CPI inflation or to cash.
To adjust a figure, we multiply the cash value by the factor for its year. The 2026-27 factors are exactly 1.
| Year | GDP deflator | CPI | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010-11 | 1.5211 | 1.5797 | Actual |
| 2011-12 | 1.4910 | 1.5145 | Actual |
| 2012-13 | 1.4665 | 1.4757 | Actual |
| 2013-14 | 1.4382 | 1.4423 | Actual |
| 2014-15 | 1.4193 | 1.4272 | Actual |
| 2015-16 | 1.4116 | 1.4257 | Actual |
| 2016-17 | 1.3838 | 1.4102 | Actual |
| 2017-18 | 1.3672 | 1.3715 | Actual |
| 2018-19 | 1.3371 | 1.3412 | Actual |
| 2019-20 | 1.3027 | 1.3183 | Actual |
| 2020-21 | 1.2392 | 1.3101 | Actual |
| 2021-22 | 1.2340 | 1.2600 | Actual |
| 2022-23 | 1.1532 | 1.1452 | Actual |
| 2023-24 | 1.0956 | 1.0837 | Actual |
| 2024-25 | 1.0542 | 1.0587 | Actual |
| 2025-26 | 1.0201 | 1.0235 | Actual |
| 2026-27 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | Forecast |
Which figures are estimates?
Some figures are published for each area. Others are shared out from a larger area by population, worked out from the number of people claiming and their average payment, or taken from a survey.
Every figure keeps a label that says which kind it is. Estimates have dots on charts and a label in text and tables.
- Shared out
- Shared out from a larger area by population. Shown with dots.
- Estimated
- Worked out from other figures, for example the number of people claiming times their average payment. Shown with dots.
- Survey estimate
- From a sample survey, such as HMRC income tax. Shown with dots.
- Not published
- The source does not publish it. Shown as no value and not ranked.
- Some benefits missing
- Some benefits in the group are missing for this period. Not ranked.
- Includes Scotland
- Includes a Social Security Scotland benefit.
- Small population
- Fewer than 1,000 people in the age group. Not ranked.
- Boundary or method change
- Boundaries or methods changed at this point. Marked on trend charts.
For benefits that Social Security Scotland pays, each Scottish constituency gets a share of its council's figure, by population at the 2022 census.
Constituency figures on the 2024 boundaries start in 2018-19. Universal Credit starts in 2019-20 and State Pension in 2023-24. Local authority figures start in 2010-11.
Money paid to people who live abroad, mostly State Pension, is in DWP's Great Britain totals but not in any area.
How do we include Scotland?
Social Security Scotland now pays some benefits that DWP pays in England and Wales. We put each one in the same group as the DWP benefit it replaces. A group uses DWP figures for England and Wales and Social Security Scotland figures for Scotland. It never uses both for the same benefit and month.
Northern Ireland runs its own benefits, so it is not included.
| Group | Benefit | Paid by | Nations | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State Pension | State Pension | DWP | England, Wales, Scotland | from the start onwards |
| Pension Credit | Pension Credit | DWP | England, Wales, Scotland | from the start onwards |
| Attendance Allowance and Pension Age Disability Payment | Attendance Allowance | DWP | England, Wales, Scotland | from the start onwards |
| Pension Age Disability Payment | Social Security Scotland | Scotland | 2024-25 onwards | |
| Winter Fuel Payment and Pension Age Winter Heating Payment | Winter Fuel Payment | DWP | England, Wales, Scotland | from the start onwards |
| Pension Age Winter Heating Payment | Social Security Scotland | Scotland | 2024-25 onwards | |
| Personal Independence Payment and Adult Disability Payment | Personal Independence Payment | DWP | England, Wales, Scotland | from the start onwards |
| Adult Disability Payment | Social Security Scotland | Scotland | 2022-23 onwards | |
| Disability Living Allowance and Child Disability Payment | Disability Living Allowance | DWP | England, Wales, Scotland | from the start onwards |
| Child Disability Payment | Social Security Scotland | Scotland | 2021-22 onwards | |
| Carer's Allowance and Carer Support Payment | Carer's Allowance | DWP | England, Wales, Scotland | from the start onwards |
| Carer Support Payment | Social Security Scotland | Scotland | 2023-24 onwards | |
| Universal Credit | Universal Credit | DWP | England, Wales, Scotland | from the start onwards |
| Housing Benefit | Housing Benefit | DWP | England, Wales, Scotland | from the start onwards |
| Employment and Support Allowance | Employment and Support Allowance | DWP | England, Wales, Scotland | from the start onwards |
| Jobseeker's Allowance | Jobseeker's Allowance | DWP | England, Wales, Scotland | from the start onwards |
| Income Support | Income Support | DWP | England, Wales, Scotland | from the start onwards |
| Other benefits | Bereavement Benefit and Widow's Benefit | DWP | England, Wales, Scotland | from the start onwards |
| Incapacity Benefit | DWP | England, Wales, Scotland | from the start onwards | |
| Severe Disablement Allowance | DWP | England, Wales, Scotland | from the start onwards |
Scottish figures include the Social Security Scotland benefits that replace DWP benefits: Adult Disability Payment, Child Disability Payment, Pension Age Disability Payment, Carer Support Payment and Pension Age Winter Heating Payment.
DWP's area tables leave out Scotland once a benefit moves to the Scottish Government. While cases moved to Social Security Scotland, DWP kept paying some of them. We estimate those payments from Stat-Xplore counts of people and their payments, scale them to DWP's national totals, and share them between councils as before the move. We work out Carer Support Payment and Pension Age Disability Payment from Scotland's totals and each council's share.
Scottish counts for these benefits are Social Security Scotland's latest figures, which can be up to four months apart from the DWP month. Earlier months have no Scottish figure.
How do ranks work?
Rank 1 is the highest value among areas of the same type in Great Britain. Areas with equal values share the higher rank. We do not rank a figure when fewer than 1,000 people are in the age group, when the source does not publish it, or when it covers only some benefits in its group.
Sentences say where a rank sits as a share of the other ranked areas, rounded down. For example, 'higher than in 82% of constituencies'.
A Great Britain figure is the Great Britain total divided by the Great Britain population in the same age group. We add up both from council figures. Constituency and council pages show the same Great Britain figure for each measure.
England, Wales and Scotland each measure deprivation in their own way, so we compare areas only with others in the same nation. Areas are split into 10 equal groups, from 1, the most deprived tenth, to 10, the least deprived.
What made spending change?
Spending on a benefit can change for three reasons. More or fewer people may live in the area. A larger or smaller share of them may claim. Or the average payment may go up or down.
We split each change into these three parts. Together, the parts add up to the whole change. We work them out from monthly counts of people claiming and their payments, so the spending here is an estimate, not the amount paid out.
| Benefit | Months | Change | Population | Share claiming | Payment size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State PensionPeople counted, rate per 1,000 people aged 66 and over; England, Wales, Scotland | February 2023 to March 2026 | +£22.7bn | +£2.3bn | +£5.4bn | +£15.0bn |
| Pension CreditPeople counted, rate per 1,000 people aged 66 and over; England, Wales, Scotland | February 2023 to March 2026 | +£840.8m | +£105.5m | −£58.1m | +£793.4m |
| Attendance Allowance and Pension Age Disability PaymentPeople counted, rate per 1,000 people aged 66 and over; England, Wales | February 2023 to March 2026 | +£2.3bn | +£130.5m | +£1.7bn | +£446.5m |
| Personal Independence Payment and Adult Disability PaymentPeople counted, rate per 1,000 residents; England, Wales | July 2023 to July 2026 | +£8.4bn | +£299.4m | +£7.1bn | +£1.0bn |
| Disability Living Allowance and Child Disability PaymentPeople counted, rate per 1,000 residents; England, Wales | February 2023 to March 2026 | +£1.7bn | +£88.2m | +£1.0bn | +£530.8m |
| Carer's Allowance and Carer Support PaymentPeople counted, rate per 1,000 people aged 16 to 64; England, Wales | February 2023 to March 2026 | +£837.6m | +£45.3m | +£575.3m | +£217.0m |
| Universal CreditHouseholds counted, rate per 1,000 people aged 16 to 64; England, Wales, Scotland | May 2023 to May 2026 | +£33.8bn | +£746.4m | +£22.8bn | +£10.2bn |
| Housing BenefitPeople counted, rate per 1,000 residents; England, Wales, Scotland | March 2023 to March 2026 | −£4.9bn | +£163.0m | −£7.8bn | +£2.7bn |
| Employment and Support AllowancePeople counted, rate per 1,000 people aged 16 to 64; England, Wales, Scotland | February 2023 to March 2026 | −£8.3bn | +£93.9m | −£6.2bn | −£2.2bn |
| Jobseeker's AllowancePeople counted, rate per 1,000 people aged 16 to 64; England, Wales, Scotland | February 2023 to March 2026 | −£63.8m | +£4.2m | −£76.4m | +£8.4m |
Technical detail
Yearly spending on a benefit is the number of people in its age group, times the share of them claiming, times the average weekly payment, times 52. We split the change between two months into three parts: population, the share claiming and the payment size. The split uses the log-mean Divisia index. Each part is the change in the logarithm of its factor, weighted by the logarithmic mean of the two spending totals. The parts add up exactly to the change, and neither month is treated as the starting point. Real terms apply each month's price factor to the payment. Spending here is a yearly rate worked out from Stat-Xplore counts and payments, not the amount paid out. Population after mid-2024 stays at the mid-2024 figure, so later population growth shows in the share claiming. Scottish areas are left out of benefits that Social Security Scotland now pays, and Universal Credit counts households.
How do we work out the expected level?
We compare each area's spending with the level we would expect for an area like it. We work out that level from every area of the same type in Great Britain.
The expected level allows for the share of children, the share of people aged 66 and over, how deprived the area is, typical pay and which nation it is in. An area above it spends more than areas like it. An area below it spends less.
The expected level leaves out rents, disability, household make-up and how many people who could claim do so. So a difference does not measure need.
Technical detail
The expected level comes from an ordinary least squares regression across every area of the same type. It predicts spending per person in the benefit's age group from the share of residents aged 0 to 15, the share aged 66 and over, the area's deprivation decile within its own nation, the natural logarithm of median yearly pay for full-time employees who live there, and whether the area is in Wales or Scotland. An area is included when it has every input and a ranked value. The published difference is actual spending minus expected spending. Areas missing an input have no expected level, and their page says which input is missing.
| Term | Constituencies | Local authorities |
|---|---|---|
| Intercept | -880.1 (1,234) | 765.4 (1,596.2) |
| Share of residents aged 0 to 15, from 0 to 1 | 1,416.6 (513.9) | -934.9 (755.9) |
| Share of residents aged 66 and over, from 0 to 1 | 9,949.5 (272.5) | 9,046 (373.2) |
| Deprivation decile within the nation, 1 to 10, where 1 is the most deprived tenth | -206.8 (5.5) | -177.1 (6.1) |
| Natural logarithm of median yearly pay of full-time employees who live in the area | 391 (115.6) | 267.4 (146.9) |
| Wales, compared with England | 505.7 (51) | 580.9 (53.4) |
| Scotland, compared with England | 249.6 (40.1) | 223.9 (46.6) |
| Areas included; R² | 625; 0.84 | 346; 0.87 |
| Term | Constituencies | Local authorities |
|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 15,303.7 (1,378.8) | 12,909.2 (1,751.1) |
| Share of residents aged 0 to 15, from 0 to 1 | -851.6 (574.3) | 3,352.9 (829.2) |
| Share of residents aged 66 and over, from 0 to 1 | -3,208.3 (304.5) | -1,418.5 (409.4) |
| Deprivation decile within the nation, 1 to 10, where 1 is the most deprived tenth | -44.3 (6.2) | -39.8 (6.7) |
| Natural logarithm of median yearly pay of full-time employees who live in the area | -206.4 (129.2) | -90.5 (161.1) |
| Wales, compared with England | 186.3 (57) | 206.5 (58.6) |
| Scotland, compared with England | 65.2 (44.8) | 80.5 (51.1) |
| Areas included; R² | 625; 0.39 | 346; 0.35 |
| Term | Constituencies | Local authorities |
|---|---|---|
| Intercept | -2,630.9 (1,102.5) | -567.4 (1,439.1) |
| Share of residents aged 0 to 15, from 0 to 1 | 5,734.2 (459.2) | 3,669.7 (681.8) |
| Share of residents aged 66 and over, from 0 to 1 | 551.2 (243.5) | -114.8 (336.6) |
| Deprivation decile within the nation, 1 to 10, where 1 is the most deprived tenth | -200.7 (4.9) | -170.1 (5.5) |
| Natural logarithm of median yearly pay of full-time employees who live in the area | 429 (103.3) | 257.2 (132.4) |
| Wales, compared with England | 353 (45.6) | 431.8 (48.3) |
| Scotland, compared with England | 110.6 (35.5) | 94.3 (40.9) |
| Areas included; R² | 626; 0.85 | 348; 0.85 |
Coefficients are in cash pounds per person for 2024-25, with standard errors in brackets. Inputs: Share of residents aged 0 to 15; Share of residents aged 66 and over; Deprivation decile within the nation, from 1, the most deprived tenth, to 10; Median yearly pay before tax of full-time employees who live in the area.
The expected level comes from one statistical model across all areas of the same type. It uses ages, deprivation within each nation, typical pay and nation, and the methods page lists its figures. The difference compares an area only with areas that are similar on these measures. Rents, disability, household make-up and how many eligible people claim are not in the model, so the difference does not measure need.
How do we find similar areas?
Similar areas are the areas of the same type, anywhere in Great Britain, with the most similar profile. The profile has five measures: the share of residents aged 0 to 15, the share aged 66 and over, the deprivation decile within the area's own nation, the natural logarithm of median yearly pay, and the natural logarithm of residents per square kilometre. We rescale each measure to a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 across areas of that type, then rank areas by straight-line distance across the five. When an area has a measure missing, the distance uses the others and is scaled up to five. Similar areas share a profile, not a place or a level of spending.
- Share of residents aged 0 to 15
- Share of residents aged 66 and over
- Deprivation decile within the nation, from 1, the most deprived tenth, to 10
- Median yearly pay before tax of full-time employees who live in the area
- Residents per square kilometre of land
Each area page lists the 15 most similar areas.
Which words and colours do we use?
Our sentences compare an area with others. Each one names the measure, what it is divided by and the period. They never judge.
We publish a list of words that judge rather than describe. Before each release, we check every sentence template and every page against it, and against a list of metaphors and filler words. We label income tax as income tax only. No page says an area pays in more or less than it receives.
We name parties in words, never by colour. Maps shade from light to dark as the value rises, and no chart uses red and green. You can see prices in three ways, and ranks stay the same whichever you choose.
What are the limits of the data?
Every limit of the data in this release, as it appears on the pages it applies to.
Counts people aged 16 to 64 only. DWP publishes Carer's Allowance by age for each area. Social Security Scotland publishes Carer Support Payment by age for Scotland as a whole only, so each Scottish council's count uses Scotland's share of carers aged 16 to 64 and is an estimate.
Carer's Allowance spending is not split by age for each area, so it includes payments to people aged 65 and over. In England and Wales, 96% of people receiving Carer's Allowance are aged 16 to 64.
Rates per 1,000 people use the mid-2024 population estimates, the latest for every area.
Constituency figures on the 2024 boundaries start in 2018-19. Universal Credit starts in 2019-20 and State Pension in 2023-24. Local authority figures start in 2010-11.
England, Wales and Scotland each measure deprivation in their own way, so we compare areas only with others in the same nation. Areas are split into 10 equal groups, from 1, the most deprived tenth, to 10, the least deprived.
Results of the general election on 4 July 2024. Turnout is valid votes as a share of the people registered to vote. The majority is the winner's lead over the second candidate, as votes and as a share of valid votes. By-elections and changes of party since then are not shown. The MP named at the top of the page is the current one.
Income tax only. There are no area figures for National Insurance, VAT, council tax or other taxes.
HMRC estimates income tax by area from a sample survey, the Survey of Personal Incomes, based on where taxpayers live. Figures for small areas are less certain, and HMRC does not publish some of them.
The expected level comes from one statistical model across all areas of the same type. It uses ages, deprivation within each nation, typical pay and nation, and the methods page lists its figures. The difference compares an area only with areas that are similar on these measures. Rents, disability, household make-up and how many eligible people claim are not in the model, so the difference does not measure need.
State Pension spending in Orkney and Shetland is too low in 2023-24 and 2024-25. From August 2023 to August 2024, DWP recorded some people in Shetland with no known area.
Personal Independence Payment and Adult Disability Payment are paid at all adult ages, so rates use all residents.
People receiving Personal Independence Payment, by the main condition recorded at their assessment, in the groups DWP uses. Stat-Xplore changes small counts slightly to protect privacy, so the groups can add up to a few people more or less than the area's total. The comparison is with England and Wales, because Scotland has no figures by area.
There is no breakdown by condition for Scottish areas. Adult Disability Payment has replaced Personal Independence Payment in Scotland, and Social Security Scotland publishes conditions for Scotland as a whole only.
Per person figures for a year use the population estimate for 30 June in the year it starts. For example, 2024-25 uses mid-2024.
Spending and income tax are for the same year. Constituency income tax on the 2024 boundaries is only published for 2023-24.
DWP's area tables leave out Scotland once a benefit moves to the Scottish Government. While cases moved to Social Security Scotland, DWP kept paying some of them. We estimate those payments from Stat-Xplore counts of people and their payments, scale them to DWP's national totals, and share them between councils as before the move. We work out Carer Support Payment and Pension Age Disability Payment from Scotland's totals and each council's share.
For benefits that Social Security Scotland pays, each Scottish constituency gets a share of its council's figure, by population at the 2022 census.
Scottish counts for these benefits are Social Security Scotland's latest figures, which can be up to four months apart from the DWP month. Earlier months have no Scottish figure.
Scottish figures include the Social Security Scotland benefits that replace DWP benefits: Adult Disability Payment, Child Disability Payment, Pension Age Disability Payment, Carer Support Payment and Pension Age Winter Heating Payment.
Money paid to people who live abroad, mostly State Pension, is in DWP's Great Britain totals but not in any area.
Covers the DWP benefits in each group and the Social Security Scotland benefits that replace them. It does not include tax credits, Child Benefit, Cost of Living Payments, Council Tax Benefit (paid until 2012-13) or Discretionary Housing Payments.
State Pension age is 66. It rises to 67 between 2026 and 2028. Counts from benefit records can be higher than population estimates.
Area figures for Universal Credit start in 2019-20. Totals for earlier years leave it out, although DWP paid it from 2013.
Counts people aged 16 to 64 on Universal Credit, including partners in joint claims. DWP publishes Universal Credit by age for each area. In Great Britain, 98% of people on Universal Credit are aged 16 to 64.
Area Winter Fuel Payment spending in 2022-23 and 2023-24 includes the Pensioner Cost of Living Payment. From winter 2024 to 2025, Winter Fuel Payment depends on income, and the Scottish figure for 2024-25 is estimated from Pension Credit spending.
Personal Independence Payment, Adult Disability Payment and Disability Living Allowance are paid at all ages. The 2024 constituency figures do not split them by age, so they are not in working-age spending.
Sources
Every source in this release, with its publisher, date and licence.
- 1Department for Work and Pensions. Benefit expenditure by local authority, 2024-25. Published 15 December 2025. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 2Department for Work and Pensions. Benefit expenditure by parliamentary constituency, 2024-25. Published 15 December 2025. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 3Department for Work and Pensions. Benefit expenditure and caseload tables: Spring Forecast 2026. Published 13 April 2026. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 4Department for Work and Pensions. Stat-Xplore benefit caseloads and awards. Published 6 October 2026. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 5Social Security Scotland. Adult Disability Payment statistics to 31 July 2026. Published 14 September 2026. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 6Social Security Scotland. Child Disability Payment statistics to 30 June 2026. Published 17 August 2026. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 7Social Security Scotland. Pension Age Disability Payment statistics to 31 July 2026. Published 14 September 2026. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 8Social Security Scotland. Carer Support Payment statistics to 30 June 2026. Published 10 August 2026. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 9Social Security Scotland. Winter heating benefits statistics for winter 2025/26. Published 18 May 2026. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 10Office for National Statistics. Population estimates by local authority (Nomis NM_2002_1). Published 5 October 2026. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 11Office for National Statistics. Population estimates by 2024 parliamentary constituency (Nomis NM_2014_1). Published 5 October 2026. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 12National Records of Scotland. Population estimates for other geographies, mid-2011 to mid-2024. Published 31 August 2026. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 13National Records of Scotland. Census 2022 output area lookups and population. Published 14 January 2025. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 14HM Revenue and Customs. Income and tax by borough and district or unitary authority (Table 3.14). Published 29 April 2026. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 15HM Revenue and Customs. Income and tax by parliamentary constituency (Table 3.15). Published 29 April 2026. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 16Office for National Statistics. Open Geography Portal boundaries and lookups. Published 5 October 2026. Open Government Licence v3.0; contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 17Open Innovations. UK constituency and local authority hex maps. Published 5 October 2026. MIT License. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 18Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. English indices of deprivation 2025. Published 19 November 2025. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 19Welsh Government. Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2025. Published 5 October 2026. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 20Scottish Government. Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2020. Published 28 January 2020. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 21HM Treasury. GDP deflators at market prices, and money GDP, September 2026. Published 1 October 2026. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 22Office for National Statistics. CPI index 00: all items (D7BT). Published 5 October 2026. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 23Office for National Statistics. Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, resident analysis, 2024 (Nomis NM_30_1). Published 6 October 2026. Open Government Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 24UK Parliament. Members API: current MPs. Published 5 October 2026. Open Parliament Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.
- 25House of Commons Library. Election results: UK general election, 4 July 2024. Published 6 October 2026. Open Parliament Licence v3.0. Data release 2026-10-08.1.